TRAMORPH ITC-IRST - November 1998 classes.txt 1. Introduction This document contains some information about the syntactic classes (or part of speech, pos) returned by TRAMORPH, and a comparison with Eagles Specifications for Italian morphosyntax. Eagles directives are partially covered by TRAMORPH. Here are evidentiated the main features of the classes of TRAMORPH and their significative differences with respect to Eagles directives. All the words are recognized without distinction between upper- and lower-case; characters "'" and "`" are recognized indifferently as accent and apostrophe. The char "-" is used in compounds (NEW-YORK, AD-HOC). The part of speech labels can be returned in expanded mode (SINGOLARE) or in short (SING); a whole label is composed by one or more labels, separated by dot (S.F.SING. or SOSTANTIVO.FEMMINILE.SINGOLARE.). At the end of this document some tables show, for each class, its possible features, their values as short labels, expanded labels, Eagles-like terminology. 2. Nouns Nouns are divided into common and proper nouns. Each common noun has a gender (M, F - also DEFM, DEFF) and a number (SING, PL - also DEFPL, DEFSING). Common (both M and F) and invariant (both SING and PL) values are represented internally, but are expanded into all possible values before output. Examples: S.F.SING. CASA, CITTA`, INSEGNANTE S.F.PL. CASE, CITTA` S.M.SING. CASO, INSEGNANTE S.M.PL. CASI Note that sometimes gender and number can swap (both S.F.SING. and S.SING.F. could appear). DEFxx (DEF means default) values are the same as xx (using the expanded labels they disappear). Proper nouns are not capitalized, as there is no internal distinction between upper- and lowercase. Gender and number are not represented. Examples: NOMI SONY, BAMBI, CHIQUITA, LUFTHANSA, TIFFANY NOMI.GEO. GERMANIA, ADIGE, TRENTO, LONDRA, LONDON NOMI.PERS. FABIOLA, RICCARDO, STEFANO COGNOMI.PERS. FERRARI, ROSSI 3. Verbs Each verb has type (GEN, AUSIL, SERVL) and a verb-form / mood (VIND, VCONG, VIMP, VCOND, VINF, VPART, VGER). Depending on the verb-form / mood, some of the following features can also apply: tense (PRES, IMP, PREM, FSEM, PAST), person+number (PIS, PIIS, PIIIS, PIP, PIIP, PIIIP), gender (SING, PL), number (F, M), clitic (CLIT). As for nouns, all different possibilities are always expanded: i.e., AVERE is both V.AUSIL.VINF. and V.GEN.VINF. The finiteness feature is implicit in other features (verb form / mood). In addition to Eagles reccomandations, servil verbs (potere, volere, etc.) are explicitly represented. Clitics are recognized without further information. A number of rules controls morpheme concatenation, allowing valid verbs to be recognized and invalid verb to be discarded. More than 60 verbal classes were defined (with the corresponding inflection set), in order to correctly handle regular and irregular verbs. Examples: V.AUSIL.VINF. AVERE, ESSERE, ANDARE V.GEN.VINF. POTERE, AVERE V.GEN.VINF.CLIT RODERSI, TELEFONARTI V.SERVL.VGER.CLIT. VOLENDOGLI, POTENDONE V.GEN.VIND.PRES.PIS. VADO, VOGLIO, MUOIO V.GEN.VIND.IMP.PIIP. ANDAVATE, FACEVATE V.GEN.VCONG.IMP.PIIIP. CORRESSERO, FACESSERO V.GEN.VCOND.PRES.PIS BACEREI V.GEN.VIMP.PRES.PIIS.CLIT. FAMMI, DIMMI, DAGLIELO V.GEN.VGER. DANDO, FACENDO, MANGIANDO V.GEN.VPART.PRES.M.SING. MANGIANTE, MORENTE, AVENTE V.GEN.VPART.PASS.M.SING. MANGIATO, MORTO, AVUTO 4. Adjectives - Determiners - Numerals Each adjective has an optional type (qualificative is the default; other values are DIM, ESCL, IND, POSS, REL, NUM), a gender (M, F - also DEFM, DEFF) and a number (SING, PL - also DEFPL, DEFSING). Common (both M and F) and invariant (both SING and PL) values are represented internally, but are expanded into all possible values before output. The type NUM can have a further subtype (CAR, ORD). In the Eagles reccomandations, all adjectives but the qualificatives are defined in the determiner section. The type interrogative is absent (but it is equal to the class ESCL). In the Eagles reccomandations, numerals are a separate class and the subtype is compulsory. The feature degree (positive, comparative, superlative) is absent. There is not (yet) a number handler; only a few numbers are recognized. The feature person (1, 2, 3), significant for the type POSS, is absent. Examples: AGG.M.SING. BELLO, ROSSO, GRANDE AGG.F.SING. BELLA, GRANDE AGG.F.PL. BELLE, GRANDI AGG.DIM.F.SING. QUESTA, QUELLA, MEDESIMA AGG.ESCL.M.PL. CHE, QUANTI AGG.IND.F.SING. NIENTE, CIASCHEDUNA, MOLTA AGG.POSS.M.SING. MIO, NOSTRO, ALTRUI AGG.REL.F.SING. QUANTA, QUALE AGG.NUM.M.PL ENTRAMBI, AMBEDUE AGG.NUM.CAR.M.PL. TRE, ZERO AGG.NUM.CAR.F.PL. TRE, ZERO AGG.NUM.ORD.F.PL. QUARTE, PRIME, DECIME, MILLESIME 5. Pronouns Pronouns can have a type (personal is the default; other values are DIM, IND, INT, POSS, REL). The type personal can have the feature person in case of inflection strong (1s,2s,3s,1p,2p,3p). The type POSS has features person (1s,2s,3s,1p,2p,3p), gender (M, F) and number (PL, SING). The types DIM, IND, INT, REL can have fratures gender (M, F) and number (PL, SING). Compared to Eagles reccomandations, the type exclamative is absent (this class is equal to the class INT); the following features are sometines absent: person (1,2,3), gender (M, F), number (PL, SING), case (NOM, DAT, ACC, OBL), inflection (WEAK, STRONG - but this information is implicit in the trascription: unstressed pronouns are weak, others are strong). Examples: PRON.PIS. IO, ME (mEE) PRON.PIIIS. EGLI, LUI, ELLA, ESSA, SE, (XEE), SE` PRON. ECCOMI, GLIELA, MI, SI, PRON.POSS.PIIP.F.SING. VOSTRA PRON.POSS.PIIIS.F.PL. SUE PRON.DIM.F.SING. CODESTA, COLEI PRON.DIM. CE, CI, CIO`, IDEM PRON.IND.M.PL ALCUNI, ALQUANTI, MOLTI, PARECCHI PRON.IND. NIENTE, ALCUNCHE`, CHIUNQUE, TOT PRON.INT.F.PL. QUALI, QUANTE PRON.INT. CHE, CHI, COSA PRON.REL.F.SING. QUALE, QUANTA PRON.REL. CHE, CHECCHE`, CHI, CHIUNQUE, CUI 6. Articles Articles have a type (DET, INDET), a gender (M, F) and a number (SING, PL). Common (both M and F) values are expanded. Type INDET has only number SING. Examples: ART.DET.M.SING. IL, LO, L` ART.DET.F.SING. LA, L` ART.INDET.M.SING. UN, UNO 7. Adverbs Adverbs have no further information associated to. Compared to Eagles reccomandations, the feature degree (POS, COMP, SUP) is absent. Examples: AVV. ADESSO, ADDI`, BENISSIMO, DOPO 8. Adpositions Adpositions in Italian can be only of the type preposition, and can have the feature form (simple is the default; the other value is ARTA - fused). Fused prepositions have also a gender (M, F) and a number (SING, PL). Examples: PREP. DI, A, DA, APPRESSO, ENTRO, SOPRA PREP.ARTA.F.PL. ALLE, DELLE, COLLE 9. Conjunctions Conjunctions have no further information associated to. Compared to Eagles reccomandations, the feature type (COORD, SUBORD) is absent. Examples: CONG. AFFINCHE`, CASOMAI, E, MA 10. Interjections Interjections have no further information associated to. Examples: INTER. AIUTO, BENTORNATO, COGLIONE, EHI 11. Residuals Residuals can be of the type STRAN or SIGLE. Compared to Eagles reccomandations, the features gender (M, F) and number (PL, SING) are absent. Examples: STRAN. DEREGULATION, INFORMATION SIGLE. AGIP, AIDS, UNESCO, ONU 12. Locuzioni This class is not considered in Eagles directives. They have the feature type (AVVLE, CONGVA, PREPLE). The type AVVLE consists of groups of words (all words included, separated by "-") which together form a unique meaning. The other two types are used near a preposition or a conjunction (not included). Examples: LOC.AVVLE. A-MALINCUORE, AD-HOC, A-PRIORI, DEUS-EX-MACHINA, STATUS-QUO LOC.PREPLE. ADDOSSO, AVANTI, LONTANO, VICINO LOC.CONGVA. ADESSO, AVANTI, PIUTTOSTO 13. Tables This tables report all TRAMORPH syntactic classes, their possible features, their respective values as short labels, expanded labels and Eagles-like terminology. +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | S | SOSTANTIVO | noun | | gender | SING (DEFSING)| SINGOLARE | singular | | | PL (DEFPL) | PLURALE | plural | | number | F (DEFF) | FEMMINILE | feminine | | | M (DEFM) | MASCHILE | masculine | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | V | VERBO | verb | | type | GEN | GENERICO | main | | | AUSIL | AUSILIARE | auxiliary | | | SERVL | SERVILE | --- | | verb form/mood| VIND | INDICATIVO | indicative | | | VCONG | CONGIUNTIVO | subjunctive | | | VIMP | IMPERATIVO | imperative | | | VCOND | CONDIZIONALE | conditional | | | VINF | INFINITO | infinitive | | | VPART | PARTICIPIO | participle | | | VGER | GERUNDIO | gerund | | tense | PRES | PRESENTE | present | | | IMP | IMPERFETTO | imperfect | | | PREM | PASSATO-REMOTO | simple past | | | FSEM | FUTURO-SEMPLICE | future | | | PASS | PASSATO | past | | person+number | PIS | PRIMA-PERSONA-SINGOLARE | 1-singular | | | PIIS | SECONDA-PERSONA-SINGOLARE | 2-singular | | | PIIIS | TERZA-PERSONA-SINGOLARE | 3-singular | | | PIP | PRIMA-PERSONA-PLURALE | 1-plural | | | PIIP | SECONDA-PERSONA-PLURALE | 2-plural | | | PIIIP | TERZA-PERSONA-PLURALE | 3-plural | | gender | F | FEMMINILE | feminine | | | M | MASCHILE | masculine | | number | SING | SINGOLARE | singular | | | PL | PLURALE | plural | | clitic | CLIT | CLITICO | --- | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | AGG | AGGETTIVO | adjective | | | | | + determiner | | | | | + numeral | | type | default | qualificativo | qualificative | | | DIM | DIMOSTRATIVO | demonstrative | | | ESCL | ESCLAMATIVO | exclamative + | | | | | interrogative | | | IND | INDEFINITO | indefinite | | | POSS | POSSESSIVO | possessive | | | REL | RELATIVO | relative | | | NUM | NUMERALE | numeral | | | CAR | CARDINALE | cardinal | | | ORD | ORDINALE | ordinal | | gender | SING (DEFSING)| SINGOLARE | singular | | | PL (DEFPL) | PLURALE | plural | | number | F (DEFF) | FEMMINILE | feminine | | | M (DEFM) | MASCHILE | masculine | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | PRON | PRONOME | pronoun | | type | default | personale | personal | | | DIM | DIMOSTRATIVO | demonstrative | | | IND | INDEFINITO | indefinite | | | INT | INTERROGATIVO | interrogative | | | | | + exclamative | | | POSS | POSSESSIVO | possessive | | | REL | RELATIVO | relative | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | ART | ARTICOLO | article | | type | DET | DETERMINATIVO | definite | | | INDET | INDETERMINATIVO | indefinite | | gender | SING | SINGOLARE | singular | | | PL | PLURALE | plural | | number | F | FEMMINILE | feminine | | | M | MASCHILE | masculine | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | PREP | PREPOSIZIONE | preposition | | form | default | semplice | simple | | | ARTA | ARTICOLATA | fused | | gender | SING | SINGOLARE | singular | | | PL | PLURALE | plural | | number | F | FEMMINILE | feminine | | | M | MASCHILE | masculine | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | feature | short label | expanded label | Eagles-like | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | AVV | AVVERBIO | adverb | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | CONG | CONGIUNZIONE | conjunction | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | INTER | INTERIEZIONE | interjection | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | NOMI | NOME | proper name | | | NOMI GEO | NOME GEOGRAFICO | geograph. name| | | NOMI PERS | NOME PERSONA | person name | | | COGNOMI PERS | COGNOME PERSONA | person surname| +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | STRAN | PAROLASTRANIERA | foreign word | | | SIGLE | SIGLA | abbreviation | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+ | | LOC | LOCUZIONE | --- | | type | AVVLE | AVVERBIALE | --- | | | CONGVA | CONGIUNTIVA | --- | | | PREPLE | PREPOSIZIONALE | --- | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------+